Mitosis,+Meiosis+and+Cell+Cycle

**Essential Questions: Compare and contrast a photocopier and a muscle cell? Compare and contrast chromosomes and playing cards?**

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__**1.What are the advantag**____**es + disad**____**vantages of both sexual and asexual reproduction?**__ ** Sexual reproduction requires two parents to make offspring. Asexual reproduction requires only one parent to make offspring. **
 * ** Advantages of Sexual Reproduction ** || ** Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction ** ||
 * ** Produce variation ** || ** Need to find a partner ** ||
 * ** The offspring looks **** different than their parent ** ==(Unique DNA)== || ** Takes a long time to reproduce **** because the organism needs to find a mate ** ||
 * ==Large chance of Evolution== || ==No guarantee of offspring being born== ||
 * ==Lineages last longer== ||  ||


 * ** Advantages of Asexual Reproduction ** || ** Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction ** ||
 * ** No need to find a partner ** || ** Does not produce variation ** ||
 * ** Fast speed because the **** organisms do not need to find a mate ** ==(Less steps to follow)== || ** The offspring looks the **** same as their parents (clone) ** ||

__**2. Name 3 organisms** **that reproduce sexually and 3 that reproduce asexually?**__
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">** Organisms that reproduce sexually ** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">** Organisms that reproduce asexually ** ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">** Flower ** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">** Sea Sponge ** ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">** Monkey ** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">** Worms ** ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">** Insects (bees, butterfly...) ** || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">**Sea Star** ||

<span style="color: #3366ff; display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">__**3. What is the relationship between the cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis?**__

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">** Special cellular division that produces four daughter cells ** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">** with different combinations of genes ** <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">** and 50% of chromosomes of the parent cell. ** || **<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Mitosis: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">** Meiosis: **


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">A stage in a cell cycle where cellular reproduction happens **
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">by dividing into two identical daughter cells that are genetically same as the parent cell. **
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">There are same number of genes and chromosomes in the nuclei of daughter cells. ** ||

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;"> **During the cell cycle, the cell grows and starts the cell division. And it divides into two cells. There are two different kinds** **of cell division, mitosis and meiosis. During** ** mitosis ** **, one copy of the DNA is distributed into each of the two daughter cells. So the daughter cell will have the** **same appearance** **with their parent cell. But during** ** meiosis ** **, half to form sex cells – sperm and eggs, reduces the number of chromosomes. They produce an offspring by** ** sexual reproduction ** **. So they have** ** different appearance ** **. An example of meiosis is** ** your mother and you ** **. Because you are produced by sexual reproduction, you have different appearance with your mother and father.**

<span style="color: #3366ff; display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">4. **What are the cell cycle and meiosis used for?** **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo is known as the cell cycle. During the cell cycle, the cell division happens. The cell cycle is used for cells to grow and reproduce. The little pig gets to be big pigs because their cells grow and divide, over and over. **

**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">If you are male, your body use meiosis to create sperm cells. If you are female, your body use meiosis to create egg cells. **

**5. What is similar about the cell cycle and meiosis?**
 * Cell cycle and meiosis occurs for the same purpose. They both are for cell reproduction (sexual reproduction). Cell cycle and meiosis both have the process in which the cells get divided and make duplication. **

**6. What is different about cell cycle and meiosis?**
 * Cell cycle is also called cell division cycle. Cell cycle contains a process called mitosis. During the meiosis process, the parents’ chromosomes are all duplicated. Then, the centromeres hold the 2 chromatids together. After that, the pairs line up in the center of the cell, and separates to move to the opposite ends of the cell. Finally, it separates into 2, and into 4. However, for the cell cycle, the cell duplicates the adult chromosomes, all of them are separated into 2, and the cell splits into 2 and no more. **

=<span style="color: #3366ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 24px;">**Meiosis vs Mitosis** =


 * || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: center;">Meiosis || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: center;">Mitosis ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Produces: ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Four haploid daughter cells ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Two diploid daughter cells ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Steps: ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">The steps of meiosis are Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II and Telophase II. ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">The steps of mitosis are Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Discovered by: ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Oscar Hertwig ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Walther Flemming ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Genetically: ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Different ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Identical ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Cytokenesis: ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Occurs in Telophase I & Telohpase II ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Occurs in Telophase ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Number of Divisions: ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">2 ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">1 ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Pairing of Homologues: ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Yes ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">No ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Type of Reproduction: ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Sexual ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Asexual ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Function: ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Sexual reproduction ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Cellular Reproduction & general growth and repair of the body ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Chromosome Number: ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Reduced by half ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Remains the same ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Karyokenesis: ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Occurs in Interphase I ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Occurs in Interphase ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Centromeres Split: ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">The centromeres do not separate during anaphase I, but during anaphase II ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">The centromeres split during Anaphase ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Occurrence of Crossing Over: ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Yes, Mixing of chromosomes (synapse) ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">No ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Occurs in: ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Humans, animals, plants, fungi ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">All organisms ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Number of Daughter Cells Produced: ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">4 haploid cells ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">2 diploid cells ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Creates: ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Sex cells only: Female egg cells or Male sperm cells ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Makes everything other than sex cells ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Definition: ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">A type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. ** || **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">A process of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides in two producing a replica, with an equal number of chromosomes in haploid cell ** ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Similarities: ** |||| **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Chromosomes Duplicate ** ||
 * ^  |||| **<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Relative Positioning of chromosomes same at each stage ** ||